Which of the following statements is true? Criminologists Richard Hawkins and Geoffrey Alpert observe that the work of correctional officers is characterized by both ________. Crime in the United States has continued to increase over the last decade despite our best efforts to control it. Which of the following is NOT one of these interests? The states of________,Georgia and Texas are making extensive use of communtity service. The court held that prison officials could not lawfully demonstrate deliberate indifference to the medical needs of prisoners in the case of? The region of the country with the highest number of parolees is the ___________. December 2018. Pretrial officers utilize discretion in making pretrial release decisions. [26,68] Multiple potential interventions can improve linkage to care, including HIV education during incarceration, careful discharge planning, securing stable housing, availability of transportation, employment opportunities, and care for substance use and mental health disorders. Note: the numbers listed do not match the total listed since parolees who were also on probation were not included in the total listed. Explain Source: World Prison Brief: Highest to LowestPrison Population Total. The case of Cruz v. Beto established the right of prisoners to have visits. The idea that people are motivated by pleasure and pain and that the proper amount of punishment can deter crime is called? Acorrectional agency that has the authority to grant parole is a called a ________. It also been observed that the functions have only one asymptote. Therefore, the functions are exponential. C. Some officers become overly authoritarian and confrontational. The tension between prison staff members and inmates that arises out of the correctional setting is called____________. The _______ likes to give orders and seems to enjoy the feeling of power that comes from ordering inmates around. The workforce at most prisons is not organized into unions. A previous judicial decision that judges should consider in deciding future cases is called? The idea of probation and parole is to reintroduce the offender into society as a productive member. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways? Punishment options for initial sentences more restrictive than traditional probation but less restrictive than jail or prisons are called? [14,15], In the United States, the absolute number of men with HIV in state or federal prisons is consistently greater than the number of women by a ratio of more than 10 to 1, which is not surprising given the prison population is predominantly male. As a rule, statements including these words have less of a chance of being correct. The most common sexually transmitted disease, one which affects the eyes and lungs, is? [26] Fewer than 30% of persons with HIV in the United States who enter the correctional system do so with an undetectable HIV RNA level. Instant death was usually reserved for members of the poorer classses and not the nobility. BJS collects data on the administration and operation of both types of facilities. Branding has been in use as a punishment since at least Roman times. In 1840, British Navy Captain ____________ was appointed superintendent of Norfolk Island. These officers are an underutilized resource, perhaps because of the public's misunderstanding of their role. As noted earlier, other non-HIV-related chronic medical conditions may also complicate care. In the case of_______, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to sentence a 15-year-old to death. Correctional officers dispense both formal and informal sanctions to induce cooperation among inmates. [47] Financial barriers also prevent timely initiation or continuation of antiretroviral therapy in correctional settings. answer choices Home confinement Calculate the probabilities for the center as shown in parts (a), (b), and (c ), and show that intentionally fouling the Portland Trail Blazers' center is a better strategy than intentionally fouling Jamal Crawford. Adult offenders are arrested; juvenile offenders are? Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), The National HIV Curriculum is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of a financial assistance award totaling $1,021,448 with 0% financed with non-governmental sources. At the end of 2012, approximately ________ percent of the people who were employed in adult correctional agencies in the United States were security staff. A penal institution to which especially young or first-time offenders are committed for training and reformation is called? Which of the following is a supervision strategy that uses electronic technology to track offenders who have been sentenced to house arrest, or who have been ordered to limit their movements while completing a sentence involving probation or parole? [22], Many have called for a comprehensive strategy to help stop HIV transmission within the correctional system, through interventions such as voluntary counseling and testing, disease prevention education, and treatment for substance use disorders. emdjay23. These data are from correctional facilities in 59 CDC-funded Health Department jurisdictions. Brutality is normally construed as a tort rather than a constitutional issue. For more information, please visit, Current Version: nhivc-master-1b053ef6-2023-03-04-171837, Antiretroviral Medications and Initial Therapy, Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Medications, Drug Interactions with Antiretroviral Medications, Switching or Simplifying Antiretroviral Therapy, Evaluation and Management of Virologic Failure, Preventing HIV Transmission in Persons with HIV, HIV in Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations, HIV in Sexual and Gender Minority Populations, Persons Incarcerated in Prisons or Jails at Single Point in Time, Persons Incarcerated in Prisons or Jails Over Time, Global Prison Population Totals, by Country, 2018, Estimated Number of Incarcerated Adults in United States, 1980 through 2016, Estimated Number of Incarcerated Adults in United States, by Correctional Status, 1980 through 2016, Persons Under the Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, United States, 2007 through 2018, Persons in Prison, by State or Federal Corrections, United States, 2007 through 2018, Persons in Prison, by Sex, United States, 2007 through 2018, Persons Under the Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Race, United States, 2007 through 2018, Persons with HIV (and HIV Rate) per 100,000 in State and Federal Prisons Combined, 19912015, Persons in Prison with HIV in State Versus Federal Prisons, 19912015, Estimated Number and Percentage of Persons with HIV in State and Federal Prisons, by Sex, United States, 2010 through 2015, HIV Testing Practices During the Prison Intake Process, 2011 and 2015, CDC-Funded HIV Testing in Correctional Facilities and Percentage HIV Positive, United States, 2009-2013, Number of Persons in Correctional Facilities Newly Diagnosed with HIV and Percentage Linked to Medical Care, United States, 2009-2013, The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration, Number of AIDS-Related Deaths Among Persons in State Prisons, 19912015, Estimated Number of Persons Supervised by United States Adult Correctional Systems, by Correctional Status, 2016, Enter the e-mail address of the recipient, Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine, Injectable Formulation, Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Stanford University: HIV Drug Resistance Database, HHS: Adult and Adolescent OI Prevention and Treatment Guidelines, HHS: Pediatric OI Prevention and Treatment Guidelines, CDC & HHS: Nonoccupational PEP Guidelines, CDC: Laboratory Testing for the Diagnosis of HIV, UCSF: Guidelines for Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, Overview of United States Correctional System, Epidemiology and Prevention of HIV in Correctional Setting, Gender Differences in HIV Prevalence in Prisons, Racial Disparities in HIV Prevalence in Prisons, Prevention of Intra-Prison Transmission of HIV, HCV, and HBV, HIV Testing Practices in Correctional Facilities, Studies of HIV Testing in Correctional Facilities, Linkage to HIV Medical Care and Referral to Partner Services, Antiretroviral Therapy in the Correctional Setting, Initiation and Continuation of Antiretroviral Therapy, Barriers to Antiretroviral Therapy Success in Correctional Settings, Access to Antiretroviral Therapy in Correctional Settings, HIV Care Cascade and Outcomes in the Correctional Setting, Maintaining Confidentiality in the Correctional Setting, Privacy and Confidentiality in Correctional Settings, Chronic Medical Conditions Among Inmates Living with HIV, Use of Telemedicine for HIV Care in Correctional Settings, Transition from the Correctional Setting to the Community, Community Oriented Correctional Health Services, University of Washington School of Nursing, Compare rates of HIV among the incarcerated population and the general population in the United States, Describe issues related to HIV medication administration and adherence within correctional facilities, Summarize recommendations for linking persons with HIV to clinical care after release from a correctional facility. QUESTION 68 The process of civilian gang members with no prior criminal history being recruited to apply to become correctional officers is called: a. testing b.active recruiting O c downing a duck O d. empathy QUESTION 62 Why do some scholars say that the criminal justice system is designed to fail? What is described as the secret exchange of goods and services among inmates? Many of the barriers to successful antiretroviral therapy within prison are similar to those outside the correctional system. a. [20] Adequate discharge planning and linkage to community medical care upon release often fall short of practices recommended by the CDC and only 30% of individuals are retained in HIV medical care after 6 months in the community. [17] Transgender women, in particular, have relatively higher rates of HIV and incarceration. The imprisonment rate for the United States is approximately_______per 100,000 citizens. Contact your local or state health department for assistance with locating providers who are willing to accept uninsured persons. In the case of In re Gault, Gerald Gault was charged with? A crime punishable by confinement in a local jail for a year or less is called? After release from prison or jail into the general community, persons with HIV may engage in sex activities that may increase their risk of transmitting HIV to others, particularly with their pre-incarceration sex partners. To deal with the growing prison population England used floating prion ships called hulks. In the typical noninstitutional medical setting, confidentiality in the context of healthcare is a protected entity under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). According to Schmalleger, the ___________ adapts to prison by exploiting the minimal pleasures it offers. By law, antiretroviral therapy must be available to all inmates who have HIV. The period of Western social thought that began in the 17th century and lasted until the dawn of the 19th century is known as? High rates of HIV risk activity coupled with low rates of HIV testing make the community corrections population an important priority for HIV screening and prevention services. The privacy of the individual inmate should be protected to the greatest extent possible, which typically means that medical interviews of inmates should be conducted out of earshot of correctional officers, and the disclosure of protected health information should be limited to situations that directly impact the health and safety of other inmates and/or correctional staff.[51]. The process of transition that offenders make from prison or jail to the community is called________. Stress to inmates the importance of attending their first scheduled appointment in the community, and the appointment should be as early as possible after release. The first legislation authorizing parole in the United States was enacted in ___________. Typically, at any single point in time, the number of incarcerated adults housed in prisons is approximately twice those in jails. consensual sex for gratification, sexual assault, voyeurism, or prostitution. In addition, this process is stigmatizing to the inmates with HIV and the cohorting process likely identifies them as a person with HIV. A ________ is an institutional setting in which people are cut off from the wider society and are expected to live according to institutional rules and procedures. The Supreme Court has ruled that censorship in prisons is legal only if it furthers one of three substantial government interests. "The taking on of the ways, mores, customs and general culture of the penitentiary" is known as? January 2009:1-28. Constitutional rights of inmates may be restricted by all except? [72,73] Therefore, in this setting, it is important to utilize a range of HIV prevention strategies that include keeping released prisoners engaged in medical care, assisting them in taking antiretroviral therapy consistently achieving suppressed HIV RNA levels, identifying and treating sexually transmitted infections (since sexually transmitted infections can increase the risk of HIV transmission to partners), and facilitating the use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for community serodifferent partners. Until the middle of the twentieth century, courts followed a(n) ________ philosophy toward prison matters. Emergency release options for special docket offenders, generally used to relieve prison overcrowding are called? Match the terms with the definitions. Source: Carson EA. The other major goal of probation and parole . Reward power. Buyers cannot move . [9] In a study conducted among male inmates in a Georgia state prison system, intra-prison transmission of HIV was associated with male-male sex in prison, receipt of tattoos while in prison, age older than 26 years, having served at least 5 years of the current sentence, Black race, and low body mass index upon entry to prison. 2015;42:643-9. The case of McKeiver v. Pennsylvania ruled that juveniles do not have? Which of the following is NOT one of those categories? A. The HIV care cascade model has been applied to the correctional system in order to identify disparities and improve performance at every stage along the HIV care continuum, from HIV diagnosis to linkage and retention in care to antiretroviral therapy and virologic suppression (Figure 15). At the end of 2012, about ________ percent of the people who were employed in the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) were security staff. In women's prisons, the ________ role is occupied by sophisticated professional criminals who try to do easy time by manipulating other inmates and the staff to their own advantage. [9] Although the number of persons who have ever injected drugs is not routinely assessed in prison populations, a 2004 Bureau of Justice Special Report noted that 23% of persons in state prisonsand 18% of individuals in federal prisonsreported ever having used heroin/opiates. A crime which is a violation of a local ordinance and is punishable by only a fine is called an? This is called__________. order, punishment, security, or rehabilitation. This problem has been solved! Parole and probation, taken together with other forms of non-prison sanctions, are called community corrections. Officers who conduct pre-sentence investigations utilize discretion in deciding what to include in a report and, most importantly, what sentence to recommend. A particularly mean device for whipping, called the Russian Knout, had fishhooks in it. In 2006 the State of __________ had the highest incidence of AIDS related deaths in its prison population? Race, ethnicity and sex are all aspects of? The Panopticon was designed to allow prison staff to observe inside each______. The scale developed from a risk-screening instrument used to predict parole outcome is the _________________. The belief that inmate subcultures develop in response to the deprivations in prison life is called? This is called__________. Prison construction is estimated to be at______a year. Based ONLY on the paragraph above, which one of the following statements is the most accurate? Provide the inmate with a copy of the relevant medical record or clinical summary free of charge. The key to curbing recidivism of people who are mentally ill is to expand_______________into jails and prisons so that inmates can begin therapy the moment they walk into custody? A. Officers enforce regulations through effective communication and the use of progressive sanctions, which involve punishments, such as loss of privileges. A death sentence that the legislature has required to be imposed upon people convicted of certain offenses is called a? Prevalence studies of incarcerated populations in the United States have found higher rates of multiple chronic medical conditions, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, asthma, arthritis, and malignancies, when compared with the general population in the United States, even with adjustment for sociodemographic factors and alcohol consumption. A correctional officer who provides commodities to the inmate population is a called a ________. 2.2 Utilitarian Ethics. The religious group________sometimes burned witches and unruly slaves; made wide use of the stocks, the pillory and ducking stool; branded criminal offenders; and forced women convicted of adultery to wear "scarlet letters". The equal-protection clause under the ________ Amendment has led the Supreme Court to forbid racial discrimination and has led state courts to target gender discrimination. In which of the following years did the first female correctional officer begin work at a high-security institution? Fewer than half of state prison systems have implemented routine HIV screening programs, despite the 2006 CDC recommendation for universal screening in correctional health care facilities. The support received from other officers is the result of shared values within the culture. [21], Although consensual sex, rape, tattooing, and injection drug use occur within the correctional setting, available data suggest that most persons with HIV who are incarceratedacquired HIV prior to entering prison or, for those with multiple incarcerations, between periods of incarceration. Serious crime in the United States continues to go down but the prison poplation continues to go up. Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to the offender. If you're the victim of cyberbullying behavior, besides contacting your teacher or the school, Learning Resource Center can you go to find information. [9] The transmission of HBV within prisons could be reduced by immunizing all HBV-non-immune inmates with hepatitis B vaccine. The "Founder of Probation" is John Augustus. The sources of prisoners' rights are all except which of the following? ET for the sentencing for Alex Murdaugh. Which of the following statements best describes the term parole? Cultural restrictions on behavior that forbid serious violations of group's values---such as murder, rape and robbery are called? Most, though not all, death row inmates spend_______hours a day in their cell. Intensive supervision probation(ISP) involves? [2,7,8] The prevalence of HIV among inmates in state prisons varies significantly by geographic region, with New York, Louisiana, and Florida having the highest prevalence (3.0% or greater) (Figure 10). Zebulon Brockway was the first superintendent of ____________. Those officers who supervise inmates in the prison athletic areas or recreational areas are called ___________. An assault in progress obviously calls for the use of force and/or a retreat by the . Juveniles can never be held in adult jails. See Answer See Answer See Answer done loading. [ 1] A crime punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for a year or more is called a? Inmates should mind their own affairs and do their own time., Inmates should not inform the prison staff about the illicit activities of other prisoners., Inmates should be indifferent to the prison staff and loyal to other convicts., or Inmates should follow the prison rules and not cause trouble. True or False? An act that is a law violation only for juveniles but not for adults is referred to as a? They represent a minor percentage of staff members in prisons. The average ratio of correctional officers to inmates in federal prisons in 2015 was ________. The transition from a correctional facility to the community is a critical event for inmates with HIV. The first reformatory for young men opened at ______________. This system called for solitary confinement at labor, with instruction in labor, morals and religion. [11,12,13] Available data suggest that for persons with HIV and a history of opioid dependence, receipt of opiate agonist therapy within an HIV clinic upon release from prison improves HIV treatment outcomes in the community. An inmate with an officer does not need a pass. Correctional officers dispense both formal and informal sanctions to induce cooperation among inmates. In the United States, the average ratio of correctional officers to inmates across all states in 2012 was _____. These include untreated mental illness, medication side effects, lack of trust in the medical provider or in the benefit of taking antiretroviral medications, and social isolation. Which of the following states paid its correctional officers the highest median annual wage in 2014? For his crimes, Fay received a sentence of? [18], It is important to recognize the overlap of incarceration and HIV, particularly for low-income people of color. World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research. The ___________ constantly finds problems with the way the institution is run or with existing policies and rules. The __________ advocated a prison system which shifted the emphasis from punishing the body to reforming the mind and soul. Everyone is entitled to equal medical treatment without regard to status. [10] Unfortunately, few correctional facilities currently offer medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction, and many inmates continue to use illicit drugs while incarcerated if they are able to access the drugs. Those officers assigned to security (or gun) towers, wall posts and perimeter patrols are called _____________. Option B is correct. In a retrospective review involving 882 prisoners with HIV in the Connecticut Department of Corrections system, virologic suppression (less than 400 copies/mL) improved from 29.8% at entry to 70.0% by release. Which of the following statements is true about correctional officers? According to Cullen and Gendreau, rehabilitation strangely enough, works very well with murderers. Community corrections officers have some discretion in setting reporting requirements and the strictness of Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the inmate society in many women's prisons? [38] The CDC has released a comprehensive document to guide the implementation of opt-out HIV testing in the correctional setting. Intermediate Sanctions are sometimes referred to as? Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of women's prisons? B. To this end, we subscribe to the following principles. Prisoners who were sent to Australia, and then committed further felonies, were sent to __________. This is called _________. For more than 200 years, England practiced a form of criminal exile known as transportation. HIV-positive inmates working in the kitchen. According to your authors, the Three-State Recidivism Study concluded? [26]Althoughthe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended in 2006 that correctional facilities perform routine opt-out HIV testing, the HIV testing practices and policies in correctional setting continue to vary from state to state. Court will convene at 9:30 a.m. The estimated national cost per year to confine an inmate over 55 years old is? A Latin term that refers to the state as guardian of minors and incompetent people is called?
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