The stones pictured on the banknotes are the most. The Matobo rocks are seen as the seat of god and of ancestral spirits. [17][18] The following major sites have been developed for tourist access: Bambata Cave is a major archaeological site,[19] located in the west of the national park, north of the game park on the Kezi-Bulawayo road. Zimbabwe Rock Climbing Climbing Area Map Areas in Zimbabwe Show All Routes Alpes Pinnacles 0 Athlone 6 Banje Pinnacles 5 Bare 13 Batoka Gorge 2 Bemba Farm Marondera 5 Biyoni Kopje 9 Cannon Kopje 13 Chimanimani 12 Christon Bank 59 Cleveland Quarry 128 Damusi 13 Dumboshava 2 East Matopos 27 Epworth Balancing Rocks 4 Ghoko Range 27 Area Attractions. Great Zimbabwe was a medieval African city known for its large circular wall and tower. In order to reflect a coherent landscape, encompassing not only the rock paintings and rock batholiths but also the strong social interaction between local people and these tangible aspects, the boundary encompasses the Rhodes Matopos National Park and two Rural District Councils of Matobo and Umzingwane. The frieze includes the outline of large rhinos, which is said to have inspired the re-introduction of the species in the 1960s.[23]. Many hotel outlets have suffered from under-investment due to years of socio-political unrest in the country and many incoming tourists are still concerned whether Zimbabwe is a safe country to visit. However, the city was largely abandoned by the 15th century as the Shona people migrated elsewhere. But the stones are making a making a comeback in the newest type of money in Zimbabwes bountiful currency basket. Activities on offer include game drives, game walks, bird watching, tours to famous rock art galleries, as well as tours to Rhodes Grave. 8. Below are two crouching creatures with long tails that resemble felines. Every day more than 60 trucks take granite for export along this. Although they were all too happy to explore and loot the ruins of Great Zimbabwe, in their racism, European colonists thought the city was too sophisticated to have been built by Africans, and instead thought it had been built by Phoenicians or other non-African people. Chimanimani National park is unbelievably beautiful; you get away from all the crowds into the quiet mountains, swim under waterfalls, and wander through groves. Some game can be seen throughout the park, with regular sightings of white rhino, sable antelope and impala. You cannot download interactives. The Camp offers four star accommodation in seven granite under thatch lodges and separate camping facilities elsewhere on the property. TNSTP American Kickball League Austin Nationals. There are over 3,000 registered rock art sites,[5] with the main periods of painting being between 320 and 500 C.E.. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The Cycad Collection of Vumba Botanical Garden, Zimbabwe. People lived in Great Zimbabwe beginning around 1100 C.E. Black Eagles and hyraxes the two flagship species in the conservation of wildlife in the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe. Rachlow, J.L., Kie, J.G. The site is well cared for by NMMZ in an area which is under increasing pressure by creeping urbanization. The Vumba granite has been dated at over 2,600 Ma. [6] Game include white rhinos, sable antelopes, impala and leopards. 5. Behind a dog-like creature touches the therianthropes tail. The Matobo National Park forms the core of the Matobo or Matopos Hills, an area of granite kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 35 kilometres (22mi) south of Bulawayo, southern Zimbabwe. For 50or so years, there was de facto parity between the pounds of Ireland and the United Kingdom. Proceeding through the village you will start to see massive granite formations of rock which is the popular Domboshava rocks that attracts many locals . and Marshall, B.E. Le site prsente une profusion de formes rocheuses remarquables slevant au-dessus du bouclier de granit qui couvre la plus grande partie du Zimbabwe. Our Partners 5 Baths. Bone fragments showed that hyrax formed a major part of the meat component of the diet of early human inhabitants of the cave, which also included tortoise, baboons and larger game animals. Archaeological, historical and cultural sites. Originally considered to be of glacial origin they are in general attributed now to the impact event. 2 Bus Tours from $95.00 per adult Discover Zimbabwe Bus Tours from $4,923.08 per adult Stargazing on The Wilderness (Harare Night's Tour) Private and Luxury from $2,210.46 per group (up to 10) The park comprises five districts that house rugged mountains, deserts, white gypsum dunes, and red quartz hills. Located on Circular Drive, west of Maleme Dam, this camp offers campings and caravan sites. The building of the Kariba dam displaced about 27,000 of the Tonga people and Operation Noah, than the shifting of 6000 species of animals and several birds threatened by the rising waters.Beautiful sunsets scene and diverse wildlife allure to the tourists, as well as, here you can enjoy the different activities like houseboats trips and fishing, which make it an ideal place for relaxation and perfect time with your family. Facilities include a natural rock pool for swimming, the "Leopards Lair" bar and dining area which incorporates a huge granite boulder into the building, as well as separate library area.[31]. The minerals that compose it are generally high-temperature minerals that are unstable at Earth's surface. Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0, . They live in hope that their new money will be as solid, stable, and unwavering as these three majestic rocks themselves. The area exhibits a profusion of distinctive rock landforms rising above the granite shield that covers much of Zimbabwe. The hills were formed over 2 billion years ago with granite being forced to the surface, this has eroded to produce smooth "whaleback dwalas" and broken kopjes, strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation. The climate of these ranges is much cooler, which allure the other tourists to visit this awe-inspiring place. A smaller number of mammals inhabit the Bvumba, perhaps the most notable of which are the leopard and the samango monkey, the latter's range being very limited. There is also a need for conservation plans for key aspects of the site. Theres golf, hiking, swimming, bird viewing and so much to do here. However, despite the damage done by these colonial looters, today, the legacy of Great Zimbabwe lives on as one of the largest and most culturally important archaeological sites of its kind in Africa. Here you will find out the different species like birds, leopards, and blue duiker and samango monkeys as well. The national park is located within the southern Africa bushveld ecoregion. A test of petrological control in the development of. ANY ROCK IN YOUR BACKYARD. Environment: Gabbro is formed by magma that cools very slowly into hard rock below or within the Earth's crust. American a watershed. [5] The game park in the west has been restocked with white and black rhinos, the former from KwaZulu-Natal in the 1960s and the latter from the Zambezi Valley in the 1990s. Great Zimbabwe Ruins Day Trip from Harare! At the end of which you will climb out of the Bakota Gorge and be served ice cold refreshments. Phone: (928)348-4400. Winner will be selected at random on 04/01/2023. Even with the social, political, and economic crises, it remains a more famous destination than all other sites. [19][20] Access is from Circular Drive, west of Maleme Dam. Numerous travel accommodation establishments are in need of a face-lift in order to attract visitors as well as to boost occupancy rates. In addition to camping sites for Scout Troops there is a small cottage. We do our best to find places which make your tour worthwhile and you can remember it for the rest of your life. The rock seems to defy gravity, as it perpetually appears to be on the verge of rolling down the hill. Territoriality and spatial patterns of white rhinoceros in Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe. The authenticity of the hunter-gatherer and a few agriculturist rock paintings in the Matobo Hills area has been widely confirmed. Sight of bighorn sheep remains a thrill. From Maleme Camp and visiting scenic locations in the Maleme valley and environs. [11][12], A limnological research centre has operated since 1950 at Maleme Dam[13] and researched species such as the yellow-fish, Barbus mattozi.[14]. The formations in the park are of natural occurrence in a perfectly balanced state without other support. The Guadalupe Mountains National Park rests in the Chihuahuan Desert in western Texas, just south of the New Mexico border. The "Mother and Child" granite balancing rocks, weathered into fantastic shapes, are a well-known feature in Matobo National Park, in the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe. Do yourself a favour and book a week up there using frog and fern as your base. Before the colonial era, it was the headquarters of the spiritualist oracle, the Mlimo. A memorial shrine, erected by the Memorable Order of Tin Hats (MOTH), an organization that seeks to commemorate the sacrifice of Rhodesian servicemen and women during World War One and World War Two, can be accessed in the Park. The Balancing Rocks of Zimbabwe are seen in the form of huge angular blocks of granite "piled on top of and beside one another, forming pillars and stacks, like a child's building blocks.". The paintings illustrate evolving artistic styles and also socio-religious beliefs. Located in the east, this camp offers campings and caravan sites. Zimra . Especially the Victoria Lake. Karst mountains are made of limestone, dolomite, and gypsum, which have in common the fact that they are all soluble rocks. Este sitio se distingue por la profusin de formaciones rocosas muy caractersticas, que se elevan por encima de la masa grantica que cubre la mayor parte de Zimbabwe. A large rock on the right is called Domboramwarwi, which means "rock of God," shortly afterwards the Balancing Rocks are reached and are very obvious on the left of the road with the turnoff at the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe signpost. The hills were the scene of the famous indaba between white settlers and Ndebele leaders in 1896the Second Matabele War, known in Zimbabwe as the First Chimurengawhich ended with the assassination of the Mlimo by Frederick Russell Burnham, the American scout, in one of the Matobo caves. Along the route of the hike is an Iron Age furnace. [33] Other animals to be seen include sable antelope, giraffe, zebra, impala, wildebeest and ostrich. Les grands blocs de roche offrent des abris naturels en abondance et sont associs loccupation humaine depuis le dbut de lge de pierre jusquau dbut des temps historiques, et de faon intermittente depuis lors. Zimbabwe offers a large variety of scenery, wildlife, a perfect climate for the tourists to make their tour memorable. It also needs to address threats, such as from uncontrolled visitor access, soil erosion and invasive plants. West interest in the area started in 1900 when Cecil decided to build a railway bridge over the Zambezi River.These spectacular and awe-inspiring falls are one of the largest all over the world. The Matoba National Park is situated on the south side of the Zimbabwe. De tekeningen geven een volledig beeld van hoe naar voedsel zoekende samenlevingen plaats maakten voor agrarische samenlevingen. The image of the stones was chosen as a conjoined metaphor for development and environmental protection following the countrys independence from white-ruled Rhodesia. The Matobo Hills continue to provide a strong focus for the local community, which still uses shrines and sacred places closely linked to traditional, social and economic activities. She or he will best know the preferred format. Pye, K., Goudie, A.S. and Thomas, R.S.G. Eventually the hard granites also start to split; they develop cracks, which are attacked by weathering processes, whilst still under the ground. Mysterious rock balls have unsurprisingly inspired more than one alien conspiracy theory over the years as well. Victoria Falls is one of the seven natural wonders of the world as a result, it is one of the most famous tourist attractions for visitors in Zimbabwe. [5] The granites are intruded in places by Umkondo dolerite sills[6] which are dated to about 1,110 Ma. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. No purchase necessary. Here you can avail the opportunity to participate the other activities like, white water rafting and base jumping which is helpful to draw tourists to this well-renowned spot. The balancing formation shown on the above picture, which is known as "Mother and Child" inselberg, is located in Matopos National Park. The name of the park has been used twice in films: According to director Stphanie Machuret, the title and landscape in her 2007 film Matopos, about a traditional healer, were inspired by the park. We are regulated by the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement as an Internet gaming operator in accordance with the Casino Control Act N.J.S.A. The velvet bag will protect chilling rocks for a long time. Directly below a therianthrope dominates the scene with a very pronounced torso, penis and long attenuated arms and legs, a tail and antelope head. Nowadays, Zimbabwe has a multi-currency system. Zimbabwe means stone houses in Shona.Great Zimbabwe was part of a large and wealthy global trading network. 1963. Blowing Rock is 30 minutes up the hill. The Hills cover an area of about 3100 km (1200 sq mi), of which 424 km (164 sq mi) is National Park, the remainder being largely communal land and a small proportion of commercial farmland. All accommodation is self-catering. Not known to many, there are plenty of beautiful natural tourist attractions in Africa such as Victoria Falls, Table Mountain, Nile River, Kilimanjaro and many others. Zebra-like, layered outcrops of rock jutting from valleys at odd angles. History of Humpback Rocks. Further slight damage is being wrought by visitors. The natural qualities of Matobo, in terms of the power of the rocks and of the produce from the surrounding natural environment, thus have strong cultural associations. These areas were redesignated for settlement as part of a compromise between the colonial authorities and the local people, creating the Khumalo and Matobo Communal Lands. Free with trial . The Hills cover an area of about 3100km (1200sq mi), of which 424km (164sq mi) is National Park, the remainder being largely communal land and a small proportion of commercial farmland. It is also known as the second worlds largest mammals park in all over the world.Several other parks and hotels are located in close proximity of the park, include the luxurious safari lounge, and there are many lodges, cottages, chattels at main camp. The view from the rocks is spectacular any time of the year. the round top part of a hill. [25] During the indaba it was also in these hills that Robert Baden-Powell, the Founder of Scouting, first learned woodcraft, the fundamentals of scouting, from Burnham. [24] Upon learning of the death of the Mlimo, Cecil Rhodes boldly walked alone and unarmed into this Ndebele stronghold and persuaded the impi to lay down their arms. This is one of the worlds great national galleries and visitors enjoyed it despite its shortcomings. The Round Mountain Rockhound Area is a popular rock hounding area located near the town of Duncan in eastern Arizona. The stones pictured on the banknotes are the most iconic example of this peculiar geological feature found in many places throughout Zimbabwe: rocks formations naturally situatedin perfect balance. It is bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. Chiweshe, N. 2007. Now, the notes can be found on eBay, on the back of playing cards, in the hands of hawkers trying to sell the dead currency to tourists visiting Zimbabwe, or as props for cautionary tales of the dangers of runaway inflation, devaluations, and mercurial government economic policy. Only a 2 dollar bond note is in circulation currently, but the government plans to incrementally introduce 5, 10, 20 and 50 dollar values over the next few months. The Matobo Hills some 35 km south of Bulawayo are a profusion of distinctive granite landforms, densely packed into a comparatively tight area, that rise up to form a sea of hills. Zimbabwe is an awesome place to visit. [36][37] The name was also used for the fictional Democratic Republic of Matobo in the film The Interpreter. divide noun. Lake Kariba is one of the worlds largest artificial Lake and reservoir by volume. For technical expertise the committee relies on technical staff drawn from the major stakeholders. 12. Each land category is administered by the following Acts of Parliament: Rural District Council Act (29:13), Parks and Wildlife Act (20:14) and Natural Resources Board Act (20:13). Skyline Drive is continued to the south by the Blue Ridge Parkway to Great Smoky Mountain National Park. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. Donate. [13] The park entry fee includes a fishing license. De grote keien zorgen voor veel natuurlijke schuilplaatsen en men gaat ervan uit dat ze zijn gebruikt als menselijk onderkomen vanaf de vroege Steentijd. Billions of years ago, magma formed within the earths crust and was forced up towards the surface through weaknesses in the rocks. [23] Camping and caravan sites are situated along the eastern shores of Maleme Dam. However, the best viewing is to be had in the 105km2 Game Park, in the west of the national park. All rocks and boulders fall into one of three categories--igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic--based on their origin, Mechanical weathering: Mechanical weathering is that the method through that massive rocks are broken into progressi. There are other reminders too - bronze plaques dotting the area mark the sites of armed forts or brief skirmishes. HUGE MAYAN FACE CARVING w/ MANY FACES! It is usually steeper and taller than a hill. The Eastern Highlands in which the Nyanga, Vumba, and Chimanimani Mountain ranges also include. The Bvumba rise to Castle Beacon at 1,911 metres, and are, together with the Chimanimani Mountains to the south and Nyanga Mountains to the north, part of the Eastern Highlands of the Manicaland and adjacent Manica provinces. Best place for the artists. [4], The Matobo Hills is an area of high botanic diversity, with over 200 species of tree recorded in the national park, including the mountain acacia, wild pear and the paperbark acacia. The rocks exposed in the Oman Mountains used to lie in Earth's interior, at the boundary between crust and the mantle, but when the ancient Tethys Ocean narrowed and closed, the forces . He works together with clients to create a customized tour package that suits the clients' interest. The Big Cave property is approximately 2,000 acres (8.1km2), and is ideal for walking and birdwatching. Movement along the fault caused the west side to shift upwards relative to the east side. A mountain range in Hesse, Germany, The Taunus composes part of the Rhenish Slate Mountains. The most unique feature of this park is the presence of the rock, granite and boulders which is spread over 80 Km. A large rock on the right is called Domboramwarwi, which means rock of God, shortly afterwards the Balancing Rocks are reached and are very obvious on the left of the road with the turnoff at the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe signpost. The bustle and history of Washington DC complimented by the epic greenery of Shenandoah's Blue Ridged Mountains. The balancing formation shown on the above picture, which is known as Mother and Child inselberg, is located in Matopos National Park. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, World Institute for Conservation and Environment, UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Matobo Hills, "Nomination Dossier for the proposed Matobo Hills World Heritage Area", International Council on Monuments and Sites, "Killed the Matabele God: Burnham, the American scout, may end uprising", Boy Scouts Association of Zimbabwe: Matabeleland Province, Matopos, listing at Internet movie database, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matobo_National_Park&oldid=1128905159, Tourist attractions in Matabeleland South Province, Articles with dead external links from March 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Lakeside walk, Maleme Dam, from Fish Eagle lodge, Climbing mount Shumbashawa, near Gordon Park, Hike from Toghwana Dam to Inanke Cave and. All face inwards towards the small squatting figure in what may be a healing ceremony. There are also extensive sub-montane grasslands, local mist-belts with mosses and epiphytic and lithophytic ferns and sub-montane evergreen forest in the deeper ravines. Criterion (iii): The Matobo Hills have one of the highest concentrations of rock art in southern Africa. The city was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, which was a Shona (Bantu) trading empire. Round Rock ISD is located in southern Williamson County and northwest Travis County and includes the City of Round Rock and portions of the City of Austin and the City of Cedar Park. 4.8 out of 5 stars : Best Sellers Rank #3,155 in Kitchen & Dining (See Top 100 in Kitchen & Dining) #6 in Barware Tool Sets #77 in Bar . Murimba, E. 1997. The latter is landscaped around a number of small streams and includes an important cycad collection, with 59 of the 189 known species, including Encephalartos manikensis, E. ferox, E. lehmannii, E. pterogonus, E. cycadifolius and E. This seller consistently earned 5-star reviews, shipped on time, and replied quickly to any messages they received. Address: Safford Field Office 711 14th Avenue Safford, AZ 85546. The government effectively abandoned its currency and was de-monetised entirely in 2015. Andrew Alden. The High Atlas Mountains extend in a northeasterly direction from Morocco's Atlantic coast (near Agadir) for hundreds of miles inland toward the Algerian border. A Management Committee, consisting of key stakeholders has been established. The property was guided by a five year Management Plan for the period 2005-2009. This igneous rock monolith towers above the surrounding landscape just outside the Nigerian capital. 2. Bass were stocked into seven of the parks dams from the research station at Maleme Dam. slope noun. Once inside, visitors can either walk or drive around the Stone Age rock formations with evocative names like the Giants Playground and Flying Boat. Even rocks with no honorific convey a silent magnitude. It is located between Bulawayo and Victoria falls, near the border of Zimbabwe. Donnelly, B.G. Last year, the Zimbabwean government introduced a bond note that is pegged to the U.S. dollar and is illustrated with those same rocks from the old Zimbabwean dollar. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. This is a community response to a landscape rather than individual ones. Great Zimbabwe is the name for the stone remains of a medieval city in southeastern Africa. Worthy of notes - Harare's Balancing Rocks and the inspiration for Zimbabwe's currency, Zimbabwe's old One Hundred Trillion Dollar Note with the Balancing Rocks. The Bvumba Mountains or Vumba Mountains straddle the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border, and are situated some 10km south east of Mutare. It is believed to have been a royal residence or a symbolic grain storage facility. The design is very artistic and no matter how you situate the piece you get a 3D view. The climb to the prominence, Castle Beacon, is up a large granite dome. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). No wonder the Queen Mother described it this way, "There is nowhere more beautiful in Africa." Read more Suggest edits to improve what we show. Guadalupe Mountains National Park Photo credit: Miles with McConkey. The whole bears testimony to a rich cultural tradition that has now disappeared. 2001. The Matobo Hills World Heritage Landscape comprises three types of land ownership, recognized by Zimbabwean laws namely, state protected areas (Matopo National Parks), communal lands and state land without individual tenure (Matobo and Umzingwane Districts), and privately owned land with individual tenure (commercial farms). Blueschist signifies regional metamorphism at relatively high pressures and low temperatures, but it isn't always blue, or even a schist. Please follow all rules and regulations when rock hounding. The Boy Scouts Association of Zimbabwe operates a camp called Gordon Park, in the north of the Mtsheleli Valley. The therianthropes arms gesture over a small squatting figure; below are a further two squatting figures one with its hands supported by its knee. 11. Domboshava Rocks is located approximately thirty five kilometres north east of Harare. Zimbabwe is a country located in the continent of Africa. The retreat will take place at The Meadowbrook Inn, which is located 1/4 mile from The Mountain Thread Company (6 minute walk along sidewalks), with instruction given by Katherine Lile of The Mountain Thread Company. All Rights Reserved. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. In only one cave are the paintings badly compromised: at Pomongwe Cave, experiments were carried out in the 1920s with linseed oil as a preservative and this has darkened the images. The prominent rock outcrop was a landmark guiding wagon trains over the Howardsville Turnpike in the 1840s. Block, R. 1998. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Get a taste of mountain culture in the charming town of Evergreen, check out the dramatic formations of Red Rocks, and hike around serene Echo Lake on this half-day mountain sampler. To me this seems rather ironic as they appear on the one hundred trillion Dollar note shown above, a victim of the inflationary period in 2008-9; a period of great instability for Zimbabwe! Matopos itself is well worth seeking out. Four mountain groupsthe La Sal, Henry, Abajo, and Carrizo are notable. The exact reasons for the abandonment are unknown, but it is likely that exhaustion of resources and overpopulation were contributing factors.The archaeological site at Great Zimbabwe consists of several sections. [6] Many types of rare endemic plants have been recorded. Layer by Layer: A Mexico City Culinary Adventure, Sacred Granaries, Kasbahs and Feasts in Morocco, Monster of the Month: The Hopkinsville Goblins, Paper Botanicals With Kate Croghan Alarcn, Writing the Food Memoir: A Workshop With Gina Rae La Cerva, Reading the Urban Landscape With Annie Novak, How to Grow a Dye Garden With Aaron Sanders Head, Making Scents: Experimental Perfumery With Saskia Wilson-Brown, The Frozen Banana Stands of Balboa Island, The Paratethys Sea Was the Largest Lake in Earths History, How Communities Are Uncovering Untold Black Histories, The Medieval Thieves Who Used Cats, Apes, and Turtles as Accomplices. This was a major route across the narrow Blue Ridge until railroads came through the mountain gaps. This is the main camp in the centre of the park, and hosts the park headquarters. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Rocks are so common that most of us take them for grantedcursing when we hit them with the garden hoe or taking advantage of them to drive in tent pegs on summer camping trips. Part of the national park is set aside as a 100km (39sq mi) game park, which has been stocked with game including the white rhinoceros. We find best tourist attraction around the globe and publish here for the tourist who is seeking a guide to finding best places in the world. 1, 2). From the junction of Glenara Avenue / Chiremba Road, take the Chiremba Road 7.4 KM through the suburbs of Queensdale, Chadcombe, Hatfield and Park Meadowlands before reaching Epworth. The largest prehistoric ruins south of the Sahara, once a powerful center of international trade. Ensuring that World Heritage sites sustain their outstanding universal value is an increasingly challenging mission in todays complex world, where sites are vulnerable to the effects of uncontrolled urban development, unsustainable tourism practices, neglect, natural calamities, pollution, political instability, and conflict. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Through a system of taboos and cultural norms that prohibit desecration, the long-standing intangible heritage of indigenous traditional religious beliefs and practices are still instrumental in the preservation of the tangible heritage. There have only been a limited number of archaeological excavations of the site. [7] [8] Flora [ edit] People have interacted with, and been inspired by, the dramatic natural rock formations of the Matobo Hills for over many millennia.
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