Latina and Latino are labels that are preferable to Hispanic for many who live in the United States and trace their lineage to South and/or Central America and/or parts of the Caribbean. Census takers were required to check one of these boxes based on visual cues. The final stage of dominant identity formation is integration. While females make up 75 percent of the educational workforce, only 22 percent of superintendents and 8 percent of high school principals are women. Do you think diversity training should be mandatory or voluntary? Sexual orientation describes the group of people to whom this attraction is directed. The social constructionist view of culture and identity states that the self is formed through our interactions with others and in relation to social, cultural, and political contexts. True A lack of social relationships may affect physical health and life span as dramatically as smoking or lack of physical activity. People with disabilities become the first targets of experimentation and mass execution by the Nazis. In this section, well explore how the cultural identities of race, gender, sexual orientation, and ability have been constructed in the United States and how communication relates to those identities. Discuss how each of the four cultural identities discussed affects and/or relates to communication. Ability, just as the other cultural identities discussed, has institutionalized privileges and disadvantages associated with it. Interpersonal communication is better than impersonal communication. The term heterosexuality is coined to refer a form of sexual perversion in which people engage in sexual acts for reasons other than reproduction. Communicators who strive to acquire a large number of "friends" on social networking websites are engaging in superficial, impersonal relationships. Quantitative communication requires a number of interactants greater than two. These thoughts led to a dark time in US history, as the eugenics movement sought to limit reproduction of people deemed as deficient. Table 8.1 Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities. Students of color talked to me about being asked by professors to weigh in on an issue when discussions of race came up in the classroom. People change over time - realize unfamiliar and embrace new identities. 4 (1996): 318. Discuss the ways in which difference may influence how you communicate in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, and personal. The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. But that ignores that fact that men have a gender, too. The term Hispanic also highlights the colonizers influence over the indigenous, which erases a history that is important to many. Our social identities are the components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are interpersonally committed. Talking into a tin can with a string to another tin can. A current interest in online video games may give way to an interest in graphic design. Source: Adapted from Brenda J. Allen, Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2011), 7172. He talked about how, unlike other cultural identities that are typically stable over a lifetime, ability fluctuates for most people. It is important, however, that we not let political correctness get in the way of meaningful dialogues and learning opportunities related to difference. The term color was dropped and replaced by race. Because of this lack of recognition of oppression, members of dominant groups may minimize, dismiss, or question the experiences of nondominant groups and view them as complainers or whiners. Recall from our earlier discussion of identity formation that people with dominant identities may stay in the unexamined or acceptance stages for a long time. 1987. In the United States, the population of people of color is increasing and diversifying, and visibility for people who are gay or lesbian and people with disabilities has also increased. If the sentence is correct, write C after it. For example, I have had students who struggle to see that they are in this stage say things like I know that racism exists, but my parents taught me to be a good person and see everyone as equal. While this is admirable, seeing everyone as equal doesnt make it so. The focus on appearance for girls can lead to anxieties about body image. Mom (gentle, gently) felt my forehead for any fever. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Table 8.1 Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/census-data-reveals-changed-american-landscape/story?id=13206427, http://www.opm.gov/hrd/lead/policy/divers97.asp#PART%20B, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011901899_pf.html, Next: 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. If there is a mental or physical impairment, it should be diagnosed by a credentialed expert. In cases like this, what is really being tested is: Some organizations are going further than legal compliance to try to create inclusive climates where diversity is valued because of the interpersonal and economic benefits it has the potential to produce. This sends an implicit message that boys are more worthy of attention and valuable than girls. The census included fifteen racial categories and an option to write in races not listed on the form. Dyadic communication is communication involving two people. Culture is a complicated word to define, as there are at least six common ways that culture is used in the United States. Then, circle the word Its important to remember that there are many ways to be a feminist and to realize that some of the stereotypes about feminism are rooted in sexism and homophobia, in that feminists are reduced to men haters and often presumed to be lesbians. Generally, immigrant groups who were white, or light skinned, and spoke English were better able to assimilate, or melt into the melting pot. Our identities make up an important part of our self-concept and can be broken down into three main categories: personal, social, and cultural identities (see Table 8.1 Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities). Table 3.3 Developments Related to Ability, Identity, and Communication. d. Have a life span similar to that of socially isolated people. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. As a sign of integration, some may join an organization like PFLAG (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays), where they can be around others who share their dominant identity as heterosexuals but also empathize with their loved ones. The integrated class was designed to meet the growing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics communication needs and the fundamental Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the National Communication Association student outcomes . Race didnt become a socially and culturally recognized marker until European colonial expansion in the 1500s. Racial classifications used by the government and our regular communication about race in the United States have changed frequently, which further points to the social construction of race. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists who measure skulls, also known as craniometrists, claimed that men were more intelligent than women because they had larger brains. A commitment to a diverse and inclusive workplace environment must include a multipronged approach. If you are unsure of which pronouns to use when addressing someone, you can use gender-neutral language or you can use the pronoun that matches with how they are presenting. During the early part of the 1900s, the eugenics movement was the epitome of the move to rehabilitate or reject people with disabilities (Allen, 2005). In the 1970s, scholars in social psychology began exploring the process by which individuals attach their own identity to the groups in which they associate. Identities emerge when messages are exchanged between persons; they are negotiated, co-created, reinforced, and challenged through communication. While both are important, it is often the differences that are highlighted and that contribute to communication troubles. Sexual desires A growing body of research reveals that CMC is not the threat to relationships that some critics once feared because: This question illustrates the importance of gender in organizing our social lives and our interpersonal relationships. d. Talking to your friends with a blindfold on. Sexuality is also biological in that it connects to physiological functions that carry significant social and political meaning like puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy. Let's look at some of the ways that identity influences communication. There is also deviation from and resistance to those patterns by individuals and subgroups within a culture, which is why cultural patterns change over time. Turner, J.C., M.A. Hogg, P.J. Oakes, S.D. Reicher, and M.S. Wetherell. Allen has a track record for scholarship, teaching, service, mentorship, and training related to organizational communication, social identity, and power. We can now see that difference matters due to the inequalities that exist among cultural groups and due to changing demographics that affect our personal and social relationships. Leaders in the fast-growing fields of sociology and psychology argued that women were less evolved than men and had more in common with children and savages than an adult (white) males (Allen, 2011). It is the first gay rights organization. If they do, its usually because of repeated encounters with individuals or situations that challenge their acceptance of the status quo, such as befriending someone from a nondominant group or taking a course related to culture. The intensity with which we avow an identity also changes based on context. For your cultural identities, which ones are dominant and which ones are nondominant? Interracial communication presents some additional verbal challenges. The relational aspect of the communication. In this foundational piece, the authors clarify and elaborate the social categorization process previously articulated, but not fully developed, by Tajfel and Turner 1979. Jones Jr., R. G., Communicating Queer Identities through Personal Narrative and Intersectional Reflexivity (PhD diss., University of Denver, 2009), 13032. Therefore, well define race as a socially constructed category based on differences in appearance that has been used to create hierarchies that privilege some and disadvantage others. While the proof they presented was credible to many at the time, it seems blatantly sexist and inaccurate today. Discuss how each of the four cultural identities discussed affects and/or relates to communication. Define personal, social, and cultural identities. However, he or she may not see the underlying reason that it is noticeablenamely, that the overwhelming majority of our countrys leaders are white. While there are more women in the workforce now than ever before, they still face a glass ceiling, which is a barrier for promotion to upper management. Another national controversy has revolved around the inclusion of Spanish in common language use, such as Spanish as an option at ATMs, or other automated services, and Spanish language instruction in school for students who dont speak or are learning to speak English. Older terms that people used to refer to those who were transgender included transsexual, transvestite, and cross-dresser, although these words are not as appropriate or used as often in the present. Individuals did not get to select a racial classification on their own until 1970. Individuals may attempt to assimilate into the dominant culture by changing their appearance, their mannerisms, the way they talk, or even their name. True There are multiple models for examining identity development. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression do not match the gender they were assigned by birth. Transgender people may or may not seek medical intervention like surgery or hormone treatments to help match their physiology with their gender identity. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) includes which of the following? The roles assigned to those involved. People may be frustrated by their perception that labels change too often or be afraid of using an improper term and being viewed as racially insensitive. New York: Ginn. The Communication Theory of Identity identifies four frames of identity and their interpenetration. Although most womens rights movements have been led by white, middle-class women, there was overlap between those involved in the abolitionist movement to end slavery and the beginnings of the womens rights movement. Qualitative communication is characterized by the treatment of each interactant as unique. The book claims that communication is the method by which we adopt our identity - through our interactions with others and how their perceptions impact us; the book explains, "We decide who we are based on how others react to us" (Adler 6). Thats because gender is an identity based on internalized cultural notions of masculinity and femininity that is constructed through communication and interaction. Race was defined by the percentage of African blood. Mulatto was one black and one white parent, quadroon was one-quarter African blood, and octoroon was one-eighth. Arunima Krishna, PhD (Purdue University 2016) is an assistant professor of public relations at Boston University's College of Communication.Her research focuses on publics' perceptions of controversial social issues, and her work so far has examined social problems such as anti-vaccine activism, global warming, workplace gender discrimination, among others. Race and communication are related in various ways. What would a person who looked at this list be able to tell about you? Their desire for their child, named Storm, to be able to experience early life without the boundaries and categories of gender brought criticism from many (Davis & James, 2011). For example, think of how ways of being and acting have changed for African Americans since the civil rights movement. For example, if an interest in online video games leads someone to become a member of a MMORPG, or a massively multiplayer online role-playing game community, that personal identity has led to a social identity that is now interpersonal and more entrenched. To extend the previous example, there has been a movement in recent years to reclaim the label nerd and turn it into a positive, and a nerd subculture has been growing in popularity. This is important because we then tend to react to someone we perceive as a member of an out-group based on the characteristics we attach to the group rather than the individual (Allen, 2011). Most relationships are not either interpersonal or impersonal. This gave rise to social identity theory, which rests on the notion that, through largely unconscious cognitive processes, individuals who value and closely identify with a particular social group (e.g., familial, ethnic, religious, gender, partisan, national, etc.) Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org.
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