I like to share my view on everything related to bathroom stuff. Before starting any caulking project, always test the caulk on a scrap piece of wood or cardboard. Push this forward and youll be able to pull back the plunger. I would recaulk using a 100% silicone bathroom caulk. After ensuring that your painters tape is neatly applied, gently squeeze your caulking gun until a small amount of caulk begins to come out. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Then you can use another piece of painters tape to tape around the toilet so that there will be a nice even caulking joint around the toilet. By regularly replacing the caulking, you can prevent damage that may be caused by peeling, cracking, mold or mildew. Gorilla Waterproof Caulk & Seal 100% Silicone Sealant, 10oz Steps To Take Dried Caulk Out Of The Tube, Comparing White And Clear Caulk For Toilets, Contrasting A Caulk Squeeze Tube With Caulking Tool, Reasons Toilet Fills With Water When Flushed, Steps To Fill Gap Between Toilet And Wall, Causes Of Poop Getting Trapped In The Toilet, How To Fix Outlet Box That Sticks Out From Wall (Step-By-Step), Why Is The Circuit Breaker Buzzing Under Load? What Is the Difference Between 'Man' And 'Son of Man' in Num 23:19? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. They might be a lack of ventilation. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. If a bathroom has no natural light, I find that silicone caulking, as well, bathtubs do yellow overtime in the same bathroom. Step 4 Fill a plastic spray bottle with bleach. Apply the bleach and water solution to the caulk generously, using a sponge. Gorilla Glue supposedly has a new one. Expert advice from Bob Vila, the most trusted name in home improvement, home remodeling, home repair, and DIY. This will make the layer whiter. Dont forget to wear rubber gloves. why is there crusty brownish-yellow crud on floor around the base of my toilet? Do you think you need some expensive materials to remove the yellow color from your white silicone?
If the caulk is exposed to sunlight, it can cause the caulk to yellow. Once you've finished, smooth away any excess caulk using your finger and then peel the masking tape off. Applied either of these to the caulking with an old toothbrush and scrub vigorously. Easy Toilet Tips is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. It will keep the bathroom floor and walls dry. The brand of caulk you used is not as important as the type and quality. Keeping the bathroom temperature at a moderate level is important. So, it wont become yellow quickly. Spray Foam. I cleaned all of the caulk from the gap and primed with a good quality primer letting it dry and recaulked. But from an aesthetics standpoint, the main difference between the two is that plumbers go for the while caulk when dealing with white trim, while clear is recommended for applying on a non-white surface such as chrome . You should let the caulk sit for about 24 hours before getting it wet. What is the purpose of this D-shaped ring at the base of the tongue on my hiking boots? RELATED: The Dos and Donts of Caulking the Bathroom. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. You can create a window from the side where natural sunlight is likely to come. Clear caulk masks stains for longer, but it turns yellow faster. Helping You to Do It Yourself! It is common for white caulks to become dirty over time. First, remove any old caulk, as caulk is more effective when it's placed directly on the surface. Learn More Here. Difference between White and Clear Caulk. I noticed this in a recent renovation where we took the old fiberglass bathtub outside and it looked yellow. In order to get it white, you would have to paint it. This keeps the caulk line even and solid. It is also possible for the water to get through and start damaging the flooring. Lastly, some types of caulk are more prone to yellowing than others. Then apply a second bead from the opposite end that will meet the first bead in the middle. Another possibility is that the caulk was not allowed to dry properly before being exposed to water or humidity, which can also cause it to turn yellow. Read on to learn how to avoid commonpitfalls and get great tips that will have you caulking the bathroom like an expert. Another reason why caulk might turn yellow is if it is not properly mixed before application. Caulk can turn yellow for a few reasons. Caulking can harden up quickly, but it is very susceptible to manipulation and damage until it is completely cured. Using Kolmogorov complexity to measure difficulty of problems? You dont want to have such a messy look take away from the bathrooms elegance. Snug the shim side and than the other side. If you paint the caulk, it will be easier to clean or repaint when needed. Its important to know that caulking takes 7-14 days to fully dry, so youll need to be patient while waiting for it to set. A dark, uneven join between toilet and floor looks unfinished by comparison. Expert Interview. How to Remove Silicone Caulk: An Expert Guide, with Tricks. But excessive dirt to the surrounding environment may make the seal yellow within a short period. Make it completely dry. The debate has to do with leaking water. Press a tissue around the base of the toilet to check for moisture. As a result, they become quickly yellow instead of a long time. How to clean granite countertops with baking soda? "It was good to have the pictures of each stage of the project.". This type of caulk is typically more expensive than others, but the extra money will save you the problems that come with an improper seal. If everything is okay, and the silicone caulk is still becoming yellow, lack of natural light can cause this issue. For lighter surface cleaning, a mixture of vinegar and water can be used. Gorilla Glue supposedly has a new one. Why do many companies reject expired SSL certificates as bugs in bug bounties? The vinegar will break down the silicone, making it much easier to remove. What type of silicone should I use for caulking the shower corner and the transition from wall tiles to shower base? It will soon start to stagnate, providing a breeding ground for mold and fungus. References. When caulk is not cured, it can start to yellow and degrade. RELATED: The Best Caulks for the Bathroom. So this argument for not caulking is somewhat flawed and as far as we know it is the only one. You can make an old caulking job easier to clean up by applying commercial caulk removers before scraping. Generally, the extra paint creates a hard coating. Drop By My House is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Caulk is relatively inexpensive, so it's smart to buy $5 caulk instead of $2.50. Its important to keep your caulk looking its best, and bleaching it is a great way to do that. Mold, mildew, and urine stains are also more visible on a white surface. Put a paper towel on the spots where you dont need to apply the cleaner, such as bathtubs or flooring. The thinset or adhesive used. Some might have more and thats fine. Use a soft fabric to remove water. After caulking the bathroom, wet your finger and run it along the bead of caulking to remove any extra caulk. Home Improvement Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for contractors and serious DIYers. The yellow color wont appear in a short period. It is important to replace the caulk in your bathroom every 5 years, even if it appears to be in good condition. water shortly after fkush it's a serious problem that must be addressed quickly as there is just going to be more hidden damage as time goes on. "Ask me anything. Learn how your comment data is processed. Besides aesthetics, both white and clear caulk work great around the toilet. Support wikiHow by They are usually noticed from the floor below the toilet when looking up. Silicone caulk is the go-to option for sealing around plumbing fixtures, such as sinks, toilets, and faucets, and for any caulk joints on the tile in wet areas. Depending on the depth of the joint, the temperature, and the humidity, the drying time may be shorter or longer. watch this informative video for the nitty-gritty on this problem and advice to repair quick nd easy. It could be that the caulk was not applied properly in the first place, that it is old and needs to be replaced, or that something has come into contact with it that has caused it to change color. Cure time is an important factor to consider when using caulk. Lets talk about keeping the silicone surface clean as well. This can happen for several reasons, such as being too old or dirty silicone caulk, not painting it during installations, etc. Does Caulking The Toilet Prevent Leaking? Just like your mobile protective glass paper becomes yellow over time, the same goes for the silicone caulk. Video of the Day Step 2 Pour 3 1/2 cups warm water into a clean, empty spray bottle. However, it is important to make sure that you completely remove it from the surface before applying any new silicone sealant. Professional plumbers generally have the required knowledge or will make inquiries for the client. NO! If the caulk around the toilet is turning brown, this means the wax ring is damaged or leaking. Use the hand not holding the gun to press the tip of the caulk tube against the joint to ensure that the caulk is pushed into the joint. 2. The application of caulk to the toilet prevents this from happening, and the bathroom is healthier as a result. Keep in mind that caulking is a precision substance that requires clean, dry surfaces in order to create a successful seal against moisture. Keep them open during sunny hours for natural sunlight if you already have windows. Let it touch the surface gradually, Wait for 20-25 minutes. Tip If left undiscovered, the resulting damage could become severe. It is better to replace the seal and get a new high-quality 100% white silicone caulk. Best silicone cleaning hack ever. Caulk (both latex and silicone blends) will turn yellow if not painted. Also, it will destroy any mildew or mold that develops due to moisture. You can also buy dedicated caulk finishing tools to clean up your seal, however this isnt strictly necessary. Hydrogen peroxide is a great bleaching agent for removing stains from fabric. Also, keep in mind that caulk will not bond to a wet surface, so make sure that your area of work is clean and dry before applying the caulk. It will be obvious if the caulk around the toilet is brown. Dont use the caulk to secure the toilet to the floor if its loose or uneven. maybe from nail heads behind where the caulk is run? Its important to clean the sealant regularly to prevent mould from growing. If your caulking around your toilet is turning yellow, there are a few possible explanations. Caulking around a toilet is usually done to hide the gap between the toilets base and the floor for cosmetic reasons or to prevent odor leakage. Worse, clear caulk will turn yellow over time due to exposure to sunlight and heat. Caulking around the base of the toilet will prevent this from happening. If you arent sure what you are doing, however, a simple DIY job can turn into a messy, ineffective nightmare. Mix these ingredients and apply the formulation to the caulk. Sun light? BT1 is a universal adhesive created with bathroom sealant applications in mind. They are sold at various stores like Home Depot, Wayfair, Walmart, eBay, and even Amazon. Alternatively, you can also buy masking tape that comes curved and is more flexible than typical tape. Just apply either of these with an old toothbrush and scrub vigorously. Open up the valve and flush the toilet several times. I recently had a new glass surround installed in my bathroom. The problem can be exacerbated if the silicone is in a dark closed room, away from daylight (UV). Thanks for contributing an answer to Home Improvement Stack Exchange! Bob Beacham, The Dos and Donts of Caulking the Bathroom. This will be waterproof and is going to last a lot longer than any other option on the open market. If you choose fast-curing caulk, it will probably only need to cure for about 30 minutes. Its important to match the color of your caulk to your bathroom. Hope this helps? If you dont have a caulk removal tool handy, you can also use a utility or razor knife to loosen the caulk at one end. To avoid this, make sure to provide plenty of light in the area where the paintwork is located. If, after 15-20 minutes, the caulk has not formed a skin, it is most likely expired and will not fully cure. Step 1: Clean the Toilet Base to Remove Old Caulk Start with cleaning the toilet base to remove old caulk. Art focuses on a single contractor approach to customized renovation work, and performs projects such as installing custom tile showers, fixing tiled shower leaks, replacing cracked tiles, and installing floor and wall tile. It is better to call for a professional plumber to let him inspect the situation and apply the best solution. Then, it is good to check out the under-tile condition of the backing wall. Just mix together 1 cup of vinegar and 2-3 teaspoons of baking soda, and use a damp rag to apply it to the sealant. a line of silicone caulk around the sink or between the backsplash and . Wipe the surfaces with a damp cloth, and then dry them with a dry cloth. Also, pour some lukewarm water. Caulk that utilizes silicone or latex is best for bathroom use. Does your bathroom have an increased temperature than other spaces of your house? Gently scrub the silicone using soapy water. You Can use a putty knife but keep the blade fairly flat to the floor not to gouge your flooring! Hence, the silicone seal wont have a yellow appearance in a short time. 100% silicone? Why is the caulk around the toilet turning brown? This is arguably the single most important reason. Cut a small portion of the tip off the tube and squeeze a bead of caulk out to test the width of the bead against the area you are caulking the bathroom. Should you grout or caulk around a toilet? If a leak occurs, press down on the bowl and tighten the nuts a little more. So, why does white caulk turn yellow? It also stays flexible and crackproof, even in cold weather. It is helpful to start in a corner and apply a single bead that runs about half the length of the crack you are trying to fill. Apart from ensuring a more durable seal, the paint will keep the caulk as white as possible. This will prevent the seal from deteriorating its quality soon. The degradation can become so significant it can lead to the sealant chalking and cracking. DAP Kwik Seal Plus (also available on Amazon) combines both types of products to create a siliconizedlatex caulk for a strong seal and easy workability. Last update on 2023-03-02 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API. This sealant is perfect for sealing out air, water, and moisture. link to Moen Genta Vs. Genta LX Bathroom Faucets: Which One To Pick? THE CAULKING AROUND MY BATH TUB IS TURNING YELLOW, I HAVE TRIED BLEACH, TILEX, VIM, AND SEVERAL OTHER HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS, I HAVE ALSO REPLACED IT AND IT TURNS YELLOW AGAIN. Moen makes top-class bathroom and kitchen faucets along with other products. Just enough to leave a tiny gap so water can escape. If mop water, bathtub water, or a less pleasant "bathroom liquid" gets underneath the toilet, there is no way to clean it up. Contact Mr. Rooter Plumbing for Help Fixing a Toilet Leaking from . Does clear caulk turn yellow? If your caulking around your toilet is turning yellow, there are a few possible explanations. You shouldnt caulk around a toilet to try to fix a leak. Its a simple process that can help with a bit of yellowing. The best solution for yellow and caulking is spraying it with bleach water mix and putting saran wrap over top and letting it sit until its white again. PoleCat Registered Joined Sep 2, 2009 1,988 Posts Try re-caulking with Polyseamseal or another type of caulk that is specifically formulated to be non-yellowing. If you want to ensure that there is no contrast between the color of the caulk and the shower or tub, clear caulk is your best option. Watch on. We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Natural sunlight is necessary for a bathroom. The most common reason is due to the presence of mold or mildew. It causes moisture to settle along the caulk causing it to turn brown or yellow. If any water or other liquid gets in the joint, do your best to dry it. Leaks under the tub are often found in the same way. This under tile may leach over time due to shampoo, soap, or body wash. To cure caulk, you need to let it dry for at least 24 hours before you use the shower or tub. Openings that can be filled with caulk should be a maximum of a quarter-inch in width to a half-inch in depth. If you apply caulking over old caulk, it wont provide a strong bond and will result in leaks and cracks in your new caulk, leaving your bathroom vulnerable to ongoing water damage. This will help protect these areas from the cleaners used to remove the yellow stains. Regardless of the reason, addressing the problem on time is necessary to avoid further problems. These useful tools are relatively inexpensive. 8. If you need your bead to be a bit wider . In addition, you can use this flexible seal on a wide range of surfaces. For the most part, you will know something is leaking underneath. Is this normal? When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. What sort of strategies would a medieval military use against a fantasy giant? Water splashed out of a shower or bathtub, for example, is unable to seep under the toilet if it is properly sealed to the floor. Can Martian Regolith be Easily Melted with Microwaves. choose a product that is labeled for bathroom use, allows you to easily manage the flow of the caulk, allow at least 24 hours for the caulking to cure. If youre worried about dirtying your hands or irritating your skin, you should wear gloves for this step. At the back of the body, youll find a metal release, usually shaped like a trigger. Smooth the . After you are fully satisfied with how the toilet is set up, you can begin to re-caulk the toilet base. In some cases, it might even look like a huge stain surrounding the toilet base. Step 5 760. . It is durable and 100% waterproof, making it perfect for weatherproofing. Even the back of some tile can leach. Caulk (both latex and silicone blends) will turn yellow if not painted. Easy Toilet Tips is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. Regardless of the reason, yellow caulking is not something you want in your bathroom. Leave the paste to sit for 5 minutes, and then use a stiff-bristled brush to scrub it away. Caulking is an important part of keeping your bathroom and kitchen clean, as it provides a barrier against water, mold, and bacteria. This is because the paint doesnt get much light, so the chromophores remain in the paint coat and cast a light to dark yellow tint across the surface. As an Amazon Associate, I Earn From Qualifying Purchases. This is a bigger issue if the sealant is also being used as an adhesive to bond two different substrates for structural purposes. Simply soak the stained item in a bowl or sink filled with hydrogen peroxide for 24 hours, then rinse well before using. Why? YouTube Channel: https://youtube.com/user/roslynnyHandyman Dino Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/dino.pinch.7#DinoPinch Twitter: https://twitter.com/dinopinch@dinopinch Google+ https://plus.google.com/109791231119891562750/postsThe_Handyman_Zone Store: https://shop.spreadshirt.com/handyman/#The_Handyman_Zone Instagram https://instagram.com/dino_the_pinch/Buy Cool T-Shirt: https://shop.spreadshirt.com/handyman/Adulting 101: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcq-S2ZayyFbM8E7jHKVi7w/feedHot n' Handy Heather: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3PcZBVZCEELJEPwG8gyr-gWeasel \u0026 Ferret Stuff https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGoYhMxrJC5T4zT0-PKtQ6A In most parts of the United States, it is a requirement of building code to caulk around toilet bases. Leave the tub full for the entire curing period, but make sure that the water is not able to touch or impact the caulk. Avoid doing it. It is a good rule of thumb to use 100% silicone caulk for any bathroom or kitchen accessories you use. When you take off the toilet, you will see the wax ring right away. Using small pieces of painters tape you can form a ring around the base of the toilet. . Is there a good cleaner to help with this? Some have a preference for white to match the color of the toilet, for a seamless look. The same seal that supposedly prevents a leak from being discovered is actually beneficial in that it prevents external water from seeping under the toilet. To remove mold from your caulking, you can use either a small cup of vinegar or a paste of 1-part water to 1-part baking soda. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? Rent, let management know and they can fix it. All neutral cure silicones will yellow due to oxidation of one of the raw materials. Your caulking will look good as new in no time! Just remove those screws and keep them in a safe place for later. White caulk tends to show off dust and grime faster than clear caulk. After you are content with the caulking joband while the caulk is still wetremove the tape. The caulk will skin over in approximately 30 minutes at room temperature, but will take up to 72 hours to fully cure. If your caulk has changed colors and youre not sure why, its best to consult a professional to find out the cause and how to fix it. Get it nice and smooth, then remove the tape before the caulk gets tacky. IS THERE ANY OTHER CLEANER I CAN USE? Once you are satisfied with your starting point, begin to apply more pressure so that the caulk is pushed from the tube. Be sure to wipe the seals after every shower or bath to keep them as dry as possible. Unlike most other bathroom sealants, BT1 will NEVER turn yellow over time. If recaulking, be sure to use a product like polyseamseal, which will not yellow. This can be caused by many things, including improper installation, exposure to water or moisture, or age. This is why more and more property owners try to get to the bottom of whats happening with the browning caulk near the toilet. Use phosphoric acid instead of bleach. Once it is in place, it should not budge easily. This article has been viewed 187,472 times. But intense or hot temperature degrades its quality. Unless inspection is necessary the homeowner may not consider it worth their time. The caulk alone will become dirty and have yellow stains within a short period. After taking down the old tile around the tub, if the wall is not damaged, does the wall. You can use a good anti-mould cleaner or white vinegar. ":laughing: I have had the same problem in my bath and I believe the yellowing was coming from the surface that the caulk was applied to. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. A caulk gun allows you to easily manage the flow of the caulk and will lead to better-looking results. It is important to only use a 100% silicone caulk like Laticrete Latasil for caulking around your toilet. Rent, let management know and they can fix it. It may be tempting to simply caulk over your old, cracked caulking, but this would be a big mistake. Some have used ineffective fillers in the past that crumble away. Caulk should not be used to secure a loose toilet. After being exposed to the elements, white caulk often turns an unattractive shade of grayish-yellow. As stated, remember that caulk does not bond to a wet surface, so even if your surface was clean and dry when you initially applied your caulking, water may be able to seep under caulking that has not fully cured. Now my soup pot is basically ruined! The goal here is to replace the wax ring and make sure the new one is a snug fit. Once painted it should stay nice and white and can be easily cleaned. Make sure it is tight and the toilet does not wobble when you push it. Step 1 Sweep the area with a broom or vacuum cleaner to remove loose dirt and debris. To prevent this from happening, open the door to the room to ensure that any excess moisture is able to escape and fill the bathtub with room temperature water. Now my soup pot is basically ruined! This can happen for mild development, dirty silicone caulk surface, or a too old seal. Another way is to use a putty knife because it slides smoothly while removing caulk. RELATED: Toilet InstallationDIY or Hire a Professional? Is your bathroom fully closed? You will have to take your time during this process to ensure it goes in smoothly. Using the spray foam properly around the toilet, you can easily stop leaks and water to avoid the destruction of the toilet. You may be able to temporarily extend the life of the caulking by cleaning it with bleach or another type of disinfectant, but it is likely that you will eventually need to replace it. The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese, Replacing broken pins/legs on a DIP IC package. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Pushing the caulk rather than pulling it along will make it more difficult to create a consistent seal. This article will provide a more detailed look at what to do if the caulk around a toilet is turning brown suddenly. To fix this issue, replace the wax seal and re-caulk the toilet base. After years of exposure to water and humidity, clear silicone can begin to yellow and blacken. The color of caulking around a toilet should be white. Clear caulk yellowing after 2 months Hi everyone. If not, repeat the process before drying. Sealing the toilet to the floor with caulk not only has the advantage of cleanliness, but can provide a layer of padding to compensate for that uneven floor. rev2023.3.3.43278. This article was co-authored by Art Fricke. I have found something completely different. This could apply to both new builds and remodeling, though as regulations vary from one state to another its a good idea to check local statutes. (Solved). water shortly after fkush it's a serious problem that must be addressed quickly as there is just going to be. If you need your bead to be a bit wider, cut a little more from the tip of the tube and test it again. However, its important to use oxygen bleach rather than chlorine bleach, as it is just as effective but gentler on the caulk and on any members of your household who suffer from asthma or allergies. This can be due to intentional design, or due to factors like mold, dirt, extreme temperatures, and excess moisture. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. If you find a leak, remove the toilet and replace the wax ring before continuing. JavaScript is disabled. Turn the water supply back on and flush the toilet to test for leaks. This is because they can react with each other. Receive free, no-commitment project estimates from qualified pros near you. Since most toilets have a round base, youll probably have to use several strips of tape to properly follow the curve. Caulk is useful to hide the gap between the toilet and the floor and to prevent odor leakage. But it can happen. Yes, vinegar is safe to use on machines made using natural rubber seals and parts constructed from ethylene-propylene, silicone, fluorocarbon, virgin Teflon, and butyl synthetic rubber seals. Copyright 2023 Acton Media Inc. All rights reserved. This can happen for mild development, dirty silicone caulk surface, or a too old seal. If you need to remove silicone caulk from your surfaces, you can do so by dipping a pad into mineral spirits. Caulking tubes are designed to apply pressure to the caulking within them so that you can squeeze out a bead of caulk with ease and precision. Calcium, Lime, Rust, Mold, Mildew, can also discolor caulk. In my opinion, you should caulk around the entire edge of the toilet except at the front and the back. Having the silicone caulk set up around the base of the toilet helps prevent leaks and/or moisture from getting through. If the caulk was not applied evenly or in a thin layer, it is more likely to turn yellow over time. Instead, continuous exposure weakens the seal and causes leaching issues eventually. Alternatively, you can apply a cloth soaked in white spirit or methylated spirit. - JRaef May 7, 2019 at 17:26 Lastly, I want you to watch this video as well.https://youtu.be/YKCXp8kNeaQVideo cant be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: Best silicone cleaning hack ever. The vast majority of leaks are small and dont spread out onto the bathroom floor, but instead soak into the underlying structure. If you cant quite reach it, make sure to allow enough time for it to dry properly. Aim to pull it up in 1 long strip. Sealant tape is another fantastic alternative to the caulk for your toilet. Kohler is a widely known seller of some world-class home products in the United States. Use a toothbrush to scrub the solution over the phone case, working into all the nooks and crannies. Spray the solution on the yellow areas. This discoloration is caused by exposure to rust and the formation .
California Association Of Realtors Membership Fees,
Shooting In Dundalk Last Night,
Structure Of Military Government In Nigeria,
Fred Dryer Personal Life,
How Much Did Scott Disick Inherit From His Parents,
Articles C