Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. You have created 2 folders. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] Social Researcher. 80 0 obj <> endobj 4. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. 1959. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. 3. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Or is there something more nuanced at play? hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. (Boulding, 1969). Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Festinger, L. (1957). He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. 2. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. One Dollar condition. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). An internet resource developed by In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Christopher D. Green He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. His data, however did not support this idea. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. 0000012870 00000 n Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. These are: 1. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Let us review these briefly: 1. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. enjoyable than the others would. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Instead the opposite happened. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. Patrick has a strong_____. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Eddie has made the _________. Scott, W. A. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. >> One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. Oct. 2011. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . This has many practical implications. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. }. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Psy 301: Social Psychology Please sign in to share these flashcards. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. 109 0 obj <>stream %PDF-1.5 His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Which of the following statements is TRUE? <> Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. Control condition. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. in order to reduce dissonance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. New York: Harper & Row. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. 2. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. 52 0 obj Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. I hope you did enjoy it. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. <> Create your own unique website with customizable templates. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. Vince's behavior is an example of. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. endobj We'll bring you back here when you are done. /Resources 50 0 R Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). /ImageI Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. & JANIS, I.L. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. New York Times, p.C1. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Take it with you wherever you go. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. This is an example of which rule of attraction? Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. He must be a genius." Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. 51 0 obj (p.3). /ImageC When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. 4. ---------------------References: ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. 0000000015 00000 n The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. Some have already been discussed. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. /ImageB Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? How do we explain this? 2. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. by meredith_davis9, endobj He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. A theory of cognitive dissonance.