He published in 1899, in Munich, a very large book entitled the. Was der Chamberlain da in seinen Grundlagen geschrieben hat, ist gelinde gesagt dumm, Hitler quoted in Rauschning, Hermann, Gesprche mit Hitler, Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940, p.51. Chamberlain is unique, however, in the fact that he is the only author surveyed in . Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, Munich, Franz Eher Verlag, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1926. He holds my hand and won't let me go. He was therefore read and admired by the major figures of the Nazi ideologyone of whom was Hitlerand became, just before he died, in the 1920s, one of the leading minds of their movement. Literature. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927), who married Wagner's daughter Eva in 1908 but never met Wagner, . CHAMBERLAIN, HOUSTON STEWART(1855-1927) Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the Anglo-German race theorist and philosophical and historical writer, was born in Southsea, near Portsmouth, England. They settled down in Greece and Rome, enjoying the benefits of cultural photosynthesis, thanks to the sun and mild climate of the Mediterranean. (). , Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940, p.51. , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, 463p. And Weindling, Paul. . An analysis of Wagners drama (1892) and a biography (1895) followed. His most fundamental idea was that the Germanic race was the cornerstone and the pillar of civilization. He eventually settled in Dresden, Germany, after his Prussian tutor had filled his young mind with Teutonic tales of Germanic greatness. A true anti-Semite, Wagner wrote an essay against the perversion of the arts by the Jews entitled, ) that led Friedrich Nietzsche to break with him but that gained him the affection of many dubious devotees. The Superior Aryan Race . Jahrhunderts. He became a member of the Wagner circle and grew quite intimate with the family of the, whose daughter, Eva, he ended up marrying. He also wrote numerous books on the theory of races, among which an important collection called Race and Humanities2 that earned him fame and glory in his later years, under the Third Reich. His book Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (The . The edict of Caracalla in 212 was the beginning of the end: the Romans were to die of a slow death, all victims of this blood disease, after having mixed their blood with Arabs, Africans and Jews. 3This book has the reputation of being hard, if not impossible, to read. Thanks to this book, and because he was someone who mattered in Bayreuth, Chamberlain later became a very important mediator in the formulation of the Nazi ideology, before he died in 1927. Chamberlain criticized them for their lack of political sense: The Greeks have always been, and are still today, unfaithful, unpatriotic, self-centred, . For many people in the 19th century, it was a vital question19: many Christian racists of the period could not bear the idea of their Messiah being a Jew. 12/02/2021 . Enqute sur la gense de lhistoire de lart, Paris, PUF, Perspectives Germaniques, 2000. Nearly as significant and important was the fact that, thanks to the Roman conquest, the Greeks finally turned their back to the East, in other words to Asia: Without Rome, undoubtedly, Europe would have been a mere perpetuation of the Asian chaos. To prove the excellence of Germanic blood, scientists and race specialists had argued, since the 1830s, that every light came from the North, and not from the East. Omissions? The fanatic wants to overwhelm people with words, you wish to convince, only to convince themand that is why you are successful. 12In the end, Rome triumphed. The immigration of strangers to the race was recurrently presented as the invasion of microbes and viruses into a healthy and sound body. 11 Gibt es unter den Rmern ein einziges wahres Dichtergenie? 19 Fenske, Wolfgang, Wie Jesus zum Arier wurde. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In his book, we can read that Plato was, by all means, a great philosopher. If only those elites would come to that same awareness, they would crush any opposition and rule the world for good. "Foundations of the Nineteenth Century". Es gibt eine Gewalt, die aus Chaos stammt und zu Chaos hinfhrt, und es gibt eine Gewalt, deren Wesen es ist, Kosmos zu gestalten. They settled down in Greece and Rome, enjoying the benefits of cultural photosynthesis, thanks to the sun and mild climate of the Mediterranean. . The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1912). In 1899, his. Die vlkische Bewegung im wilhelminischen Kaiserreich. This race of heroes which carried out a Herculean task by creating the Imperium was defeated by hybrid weaklings from Asia minor, Greeks and Jews who infiltrated the Empire and the most inner circles of imperial power, thus becoming the juridicial counsellors of the throne. Rauschning, Hermann, Gesprche mit Hitler, Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940. While their cousins who had stayed in the north still ate raw meat and lived in caverns, the Germans of the Souththat is to say, the Greeks and the Romansate healthy food and created civilisation. You probably mean Arthur Neville Chamberlain(1869-1940), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.And yes, if you mean Field Marshal Sir Neville Chamberlain (1820-1902), prominence in Munity etc . Beck, 1999, 534p. NF, Beat, Von Perikles zu Hitler? So the Berbers of Morocco were Nordic originally. Sie haben Gewaltiges zu leisten vor sich, aber trotz Ihrer Willenskraft halte ich Sie nicht fr einen Gewaltmenschen. He was the son of an English captain, later admiral. 26 Sie sind ja gar nicht, wie Sie mir geschildert worden sind, ein Fanatiker, vielmehr mchte ich Sie als den unmittelbaren Gegensatz eines Fanatikers bezeichnen. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996. Jesus Christ was, strangely enough, of pure Germanic blood. . So they Aryanised him. Houston Stewart Chamberlain b. Enqute sur la gense de lhistoire de lart, Paris, PUF, Perspectives Germaniques, 2000. In very ancient times, Germanic tribes had come from the north to colonize the south. This is one of the better clichs of the German historiography of the second half of the 19. century: only the Nordic king, Alexander of Macedonia, managed to unify Greece and put an end to endless campaigns by creating an Empire, like King Wilhelm of Prussia who succeeded in 1871 in unifying the different German tribes and states into a mighty Empire. In it, he provides his readership with a new approach to Western history in relation to the question of race and the necessary rise of Germanic power. Was der Chamberlain da in seinen, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945, The second Saviour (with a capital S) is Jesus Christ himself whom Chamberlain celebrates at length in his book. otto porter wilt chamberlain son. The Europe the Romans had ambitioned was saved by a racial messiah: the Germanic tribes which, by invading the Empire, preserved the continent and its civilization. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, (born Sept. 9, 1855, Southsea, Hampshire, Eng.died Jan. 9, 1927, Bayreuth, Ger. not object to Chamberlain's making the Germanic race (which means for him Celts, Teutons, and Slavs, the . But in his book, Chamberlain laid down the foundations for a vision of history that was to nurture the Nazi. Johann Chapoutot, From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain ,Miranda [Online], 11|2015, Online since 23 July 2015, connection on 05 March 2023. Dans sa dmonstration, lantiquit grco-romaine tient une place essentielle. Being a Nazi in 1926 was just not the same than being a Nazi in 1938, 1942 or 1944. There are links between the Hindus of India and the Germans hence the inverted swastika of the nazis. The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, New York, Columbia University Press, 1981. In his book, we can read that Plato was, by all means, a great philosopher. . 16After the shock of the First World War and of Germanys defeat, Chamberlain slowly faded away. After years of travelling and wandering/wondering about new ideas, he found in the racist theories of Schemann and other Rassentheoretiker of the time a unified vision of the worlda true Weltanschauung. The most important promoter of racial ideology in Europe during the mid-19th century was Joseph-Arthur, comte de Gobineau, who had an almost incalculable effect on late 19th-century social theory. 29 Goebbels, Joseph, Das Tagebuch von Joseph Goebbels, 1925-1926, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1960, 141p., in the English translation: The Early Goebbels Diaries, 1925-1926, London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1962, 156p., p.77. Cartea n dou volume a lui Chamberlain, Die . . 22 Den Jesus knnen Sie nicht zum Arier machen, das ist Unsinn. His big eyes burn like fire. After the shock of the First World War and of Germanys defeat, Chamberlain slowly faded away. Houston Stewart Chamberlain Full . This second visit was, according to Goebbels, a heartbreaking episode which Berlins new Gauleiter described in his diary, in May 1926: Shattering scene: Chamberlain on a couch. Chamberlain chose to revisit this holy triangle through the vlkisch perspective. This race of heroes which carried out a Herculean task by creating the, was defeated by hybrid weaklings from Asia minor, Greeks and Jews who infiltrated the Empire and the most inner circles of imperial power, thus becoming the juridicial counsellors of the throne. Among them were Houston Stewart Chamberlain and many members of what historians later called the Bayreuther Kreis, an informal circle of members and friends of the Wagner family, including Cosima Wagner, the wife of the Master, and Ludwig Schemann. This beautiful race (in every regard) was dominant in Germany and Austria, but also within the elites of the British Empire and of the United States of America; it extended to the French elites as well, but only partly. This would be taught in the ideological courses every member of the party (among which, members of the SS) had to take. ., Evangelist of Race. especially since Houston Stewart Chamberlain, a forerunner of Nazi racial ideology, embraced it. What were the problems caused by modernity and how could the world be improved for the sake of the better portionthe white portionof humanity? Chamberlain scorned this racial chaos of the late Roman Empire, which destroyed any racial and national principle16this chaos of peoples of the decadent Roman Empire being a capital sin against nature17. Jahrhunderts, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005. Wagner, Richard, Das Judentum in der Musik, Leipzig, 1869. In the 1031 pages of the two volumes, Chamberlain borrowed ideas from the leading sciences of . Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996. Camera Memoria: Photographic Memory from the Margins, Representing Whiteness in US Film and Television, Unheard Possibilities: Reappraising Classical Film Music Scoring and Analysis, Rethinking Laughter in Contemporary Anglophone Theatre, War in Poetry: Breaking into Family and Everyday Life, Lexprimental dans la littrature et les arts contemporains, Early American Surrealisms, 1920-1940 / Parable Art, Thomas Spence and his Legacy: Bicentennial Perspectives, Images on the Move: Circulations and Transfers in film, Coincidences / Circulating towards and across the British Isles, In Umbra Voluptatis : Shades, Shadows, and their Felicities/ Film Adaptations, New Interactions, South and Race / Staging Mobility in the United States. It was not really a success, mainly because Hitler did not agree with Chamberlains glorification of Christian culture; but also because he believed that Christ was a mixed-blood; he who was born, according to the Fhrer, from a Roman soldier and a Palestinian prostitute named Mary21: You cannot make an Aryan out of Jesus that is nonsense. We have to thank Rome () that it transferred the centre of gravity of civilization to the West and that the Jewish-Asian spell was broken, so that Germanic Europe became the beating heart and the thinking brain of whole mankind.14. The early Parteigenossen of the 1920s or the people who cast their ballot for the NSDAP in the 1930s did not want the annihilation of Poland or the Holocaust. 5 Athens represented, for Chamberlain, the beauty of ideas and the greatness of philosophy, which as such is not a very original idea. His writing promoted German ethnonationalism , antisemitism , and scientific racism ; and he has been described as a "racialist writer". More importantly, they would prevent any further decadence and avoid mixing with inferior races, like the Jews or other crossbreds. Auswirkungen der Entjudaisierung Christi im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. The immigration of strangers to the race was recurrently presented as the invasion of microbes and viruses into a healthy and sound body. What can you say of a 1200 years long history that does not offer a single philosopher, not even the most modest one? Racism in National Socialism. Sein Buch Die Grundlagen des 19. In 1899 Chamberlain wrote his most important work, 'Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts' . The Romans, of course, were the best, but they did not protect themselves; they did not protect the excellence of their blood. I, chap. Updates? Farewell! Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British-born naturalized German natural scientist, and author of popular scientific and political philosophy books (includes those on Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant and Johann Wolfgang Goethe) as well as proponent of a nationalist and pan-Germanic antisemitism. The Jews of Semitic Carthage were defeated because the Romans (or Germans) were the best at fighting and winning. Some 19th-century philosophers weren't content with the racism of White over Black people and other ethnicities. Schemann, who held a doctorate in history from the University of Berlin, made a living as a raciologist (Rassenkndler) at the University of Freiburg and translated Gobineaus work in German. [1] Reassured though he was to have met the saviour of Germany and of the German race, Chamberlain did not die right away and had to wait four more years before falling into a deep and peaceful sleep. 2A passionate and self-educated man, Houston Stewart Chamberlain studied and read a lot, eager to explore many different fields at once: history, philosophy or the natural sciences. What mattered to them was biology and race, not the law or a mere artificial citizenship. The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, 1899) is a book by British-born German philosopher Houston Stewart Chamberlain.In the book, Chamberlain advances various racialist and especially vlkisch antisemitic theories on how he saw the Aryan race as superior to others, and the Teutonic peoples as a positive force in European civilization and the . Die Aufzechnungen Heinrich Heims, herausgegeben von Werner Jochmann, Hamburg, Albrecht Knaus Verlag, 1980, 496p., p.96. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary. Hitler, Adolf, private talk from Oct. 21st, 1941, Fhrerhauptquartier, quoted in Hitler, Adolf, Den Jesus knnen Sie nicht zum Arier machen, das ist Unsinn. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was an English author of books on political philosophy, natural science. Despite this biological disaster or the inevitable fall of the Romans, the Nordic race did not disappear. The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, A passionate and self-educated man, Houston Stewart Chamberlain studied and read a lot, eager to explore many different fields at once: history, philosophy or the natural sciences. Assistance with short selling your home Doch nicht etwa der fleissige Konversationslexikonsredakteuyr Plinius?, in Chamberlain, op. A true anti-Semite, Wagner wrote an essay against the perversion of the arts by the Jews entitled Jewishness in Music (Das Judentum in der Musik1) that led Friedrich Nietzsche to break with him but that gained him the affection of many dubious devotees. And Chamberlain would not be the last to perform such a, under the Third Reich; for instance, an official Protestant church pledged to the Nazi party, . 7Chamberlain has nothing but contempt for Plinius, who might have been less of a mediocre Konversationslexikonsredakteur, as he puts it, than he was himself. Since the purpose of his Foundations of the 19th Century was to try and explain everything about life and history, it naturally had to start with Antiquity for the authors exhaustive survey to have any semblance of logic at all. Sie haben Gewaltiges zu leisten vor sich, aber trotz Ihrer Willenskraft halte ich Sie nicht fr e, Resorting to antique concepts and quoting Goethe, Chamberlain celebrates Hitler as the creator of a, , the hero who fights against every sort of, : You know Goethe's distinction between force and force. Englishman Houston Stewart Chamberlain, however, who crystallized the ideas for use in German nationalism. SpracheRasseReligion, Darmstadt, WBG, 2001, 464p. 4 Field, Geoffrey G., Evangelist of Race. Both an art lover and a dilettante, he was welcomed into Richard Wagners larger circles when he became his son-in-law. Home; About; Program; FAQ; Registration; Sponsorship; Contact; Home; About; Program; FAQ; Registration; Sponsorship . Schemann, Ludwig, Die Rasse in den GeisteswissenschaftenBand II: Hauptepochen und Hauptvlker der Geschichte in ihrer Stellung zur Rasse, Munich, Lehmanns Verlag, 1930. Hitler saw in Christianity a lethal plague that had affected Europe because of the Jews who made Christians out of Germans to weaken them. In a criminal way, the Asian and African slave had crawled up to the throne of the Roman Empire. Houston Stewart Chamberlain died far too early to witness the rise of the NSDAP and the, of Germany under Nazi rule. They then engaged with the Romans: Carthage was a Jewish kingdom and Hannibal himself was some sort of a fighting rabbi! Die Aufzechnungen Heinrich Heims, herausgegeben von Werner Jochmann. He wrote these excerpts to make Germany aware of what he . Meuchelmrderisch hatte sich der asiatische und. [11] Ulterior a devenit cetean german i ginere al lui Richard Wagner, dup ce s-a cstorit cu fiica acestuia, Eva von Blow. Stackelberg, Roderick, Winkle, Sally, The Nazi Germany Sourcebook. Es gibt eine Gewalt, die aus Chaos stammt und zu Chaos hinfhrt, und es gibt eine Gewalt, deren Wesen es ist, Kosmos zu gestalten. He was, for the Germans, the thinker who popularized Gobineaus ideas on the social Darwinists, providing the German bourgeoisie with a sense of its mission: am deutschen wesen soll die welt genesenthe German essence must heal the world. The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. 14 Ohne Rom, das ist sicher, wre Europa eine blosse Fortsetzung des asiatischen Chaos geblieben. Since he and Hider were very close friends and he married Wagner's daughter, one can imagine the mutually satisfactory con-versations that must have taken place among them on the subject of race. An Anthology of Texts, London, Routledge, 2002. Having learned, from a very young age, at least two foreign languages, he almost wrote better in French and in German than he did in English. Der Fanatiker will berreden, Sie wollen berzeugen, nur berzeugen, und darum gelingt es Ihnen auch; ja, ich mchte Sie ebenfalls fr das Gegenteil eines Politikers dieses Wort im landlufigen Sinne aufgefat erklren, denn die Asche aller Politik ist die Parteiangehrigkeit, whrend bei Ihnen alle Parteien verschwinden, aufgezehrt von der Glut der Vaterlandsliebe. Contrary to what is being taught by those who are too lazy to think and by flagrant historical lies, the Germanic invasions did not destroy the Empire but saved it from its fatal jewification and degeneration. Counter-revolutionary theoreticians exalted in Germany the biological idea of the Volk and coined the word vlkisch as an alternative to the French adjective national. Griechenland hat stets nach Asien gravitiert, bis Rom es losriss. In 1907 he settled in Bayreuth and married Wagners only daughter Eva, his second wife. I am deeply upset. Farewell! He published in 1899, in Munich, a very large book entitled the Foundations of the 19th Century5 (Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts). As for Aristotle, he would not have been remembered in the same way had it not been for Plato. 1.7 Houston Stewart Chamberlain and the Race Struggle of Western History Like Theodor Fritsch, Houston Stewart Chamberlain represents an important link between the vlkisch anti-Semitism of the late 19th century and the ideology of Hitler and the Nazi party. If the Greeks were philosophers, the Romans were lawyers. The self-taught student had found his philosophical stone and was ready to share his revelation, to the public. Es war hohe Zeit, dass der Retter erschien, 1941-1944. Wie Jesus zum Arier wurde. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. 21From the Foundations of the 19th to the Myth of the 20th Century, the vision of antiquity remained the same: a Germanic golden age in Greece and Rome which was scattered and shattered by the Jews. Das Rassen- und Nationalittlose Vlkerchaos des sptrmischen Imperiums, In the end, Rome triumphed. But in his book, Chamberlain laid down the foundations for a vision of history that was to nurture the Nazi Weltanschauung. Jahrhundert, auf welches wir jetzt () mit Stolz und zu Hoffnungen berechtigt zurckblicken, niemals erlebt, Ibid., p.161. This obsession with diseases and the assimilation of blood-mixing with infection is a common characteristic, as well as a deep concern, among the most convinced racists of the time,23 and not just in Germany. He became somewhat of a war hero during the First World War, during which he was a talented propagandist against his own country, Great Britain. Drben, im asiatischen Osten, hatten und haben nicht einmal die Menschen Persnlichkeit, hier, in. 23 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century: A Translation from the German by John Lees, vol. . cit., pp. Remaining in Germany during World War I, Chamberlain received the German Military Cross in 1915 and became naturalized the next year. Greek and Roman antiquity play an essential part in his argumentation. While the Greeks rejoiced in the company of ideas, the Romans were materialists in both the best and the worst sense of the term. It would be the official creed of the Deutsche Christen under the Third Reich; for instance, an official Protestant church pledged to the Nazi party20. Houston Stewart Chamberlain is the translation of "Houston Stewart Chamberlain" into Croatian. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/miranda/6680; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/miranda.6680, Professor of History - Junior Member, Institut Universitaire de FranceSorbonne Nouvelle Universityjohann.chapoutot@univ-paris3.fr, Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International - CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, Site map Legal information & Credits Links Directories and labels Syndication, OpenEdition member Published with Lodel Administration only, You will be redirected to OpenEdition Search, Expressions of Environment in Euroamerican Culture / Antique Bodies in Nineteenth Century British Literature and Culture, Antique Bodies in Nineteenth Century British Literature and Culture, From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a social Darwinist and a true racist. 7 Der Grieche war von jeher, was er noch heute ist, untreu, unpatriotisch, eigenschtig, Ibid., p.50. "In this manner the ground was prepared for the emergence of a new race of'Supermen'," said Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Silent nature awakes to the consciousness of itself, . 8 Demandt, Alexander, Politische Aspekte im Alexanderbild der Neuzeit. DICE Dental International Congress and Exhibition. Chamberlain devotes some 500 pagesnearly half the bookto that period, providing his reader with ample material on Rome, Greece and the Jews as well as on another sacrosanct trinity: Athens, Rome and Jerusalem. Chamberlain indulges in the most appalling stereotypes of the Bildung of his time. Auswirkungen der Entjudaisierung Christi im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). What can you say of a 1200 years long history that does not offer a single philosopher, not even the most modest one? 11For Chamberlain, the victory of the Carthaginians over the Romans would have been a catastrophe: We have been saved by the brutal delenda est Carthago of Cato and the likes. The naturalized German citizen Houston Stewart Chamberlain wrote in 1899 that the German race struggled to maintain its purity because of the Darwinian form of natural selection that caused Germans to feel a revulsion toward intermixing with lesser races. Nordicism is an ideology of racism which views the Nordic race as a superior and sometimes as an endangered racial group. Ohne ihn ging der Tag des Indoeuropers zu Ende. Chamberlain addresses a most respected and dear Herr Hitler, the only one who could give him strength and peace, confidence and energy, everything that he had lost in August 1914, when Germany entered a fateful war: Es hat meine Gedanken beschftigt, wieso gerade Sie, der Sie in so seltenem Grade ein Erwecker de, I have been wondering why it was you of all people, you who are so extraordinary in awakening people from sleep and humdrum routines, who recently gave me a longer and more refreshing sleep than I have experienced since that fateful day in August 1914 when I was first struck down by this insidious sickness. Introduction Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) is best known for his cultural history Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Foundations of the Nineteenth Century; Munich, 1899) as well as for his studies of Kant, Goethe, Wagner, and Heinrich von Stein. But something is as clear as the sun at midday: if the Phenician people had not been exterminated () mankind would never have experienced () this 19, century that we can consider with pride and hope, For Chamberlain, the victory of the Carthaginians over the Romans would have been a catastrophe: We have been saved by the brutal, of Cato and the likes. I, chap. While the Greeks had given Europe a soul, the Romans were busy shaping the body: the, , the legions. What is left of Rome today is no other than a landscape of ruins which looks like the white skeleton of a dead civilization. Nearly as significant and important was the fact that, thanks to the Roman conquest, the Greeks finally turned their back to the East, in other words to Asia: Without Rome, undoubtedly, Europe would have been a mere perpetuation of the Asian chaos. (M a h b h r a t a) 4 Translation from the German, based upon the 8th edition of Arische Weltanschauung, published by F. Bruckmann A.-G., Munich 1938 5 Dedicated to the indologist Leopold von Schroeder Houston Stewart Chamberlain was an English-born German writer who formulated the most important theory of Teutonic superiority in pre-Hitlerian German thought.